International Journal of Empirical Research Methods

ISSN NO : 2995-6110

The International Journal of Empirical Research Methods is dedicated to promoting and advancing empirical research methodologies across various disciplines. This journal aims to provide a platform for researchers, scholars, educators, and practitioners to share insights, methodologies, and findings that contribute to the improvement of empirical research practices and the enhancement of evidence-based decision-making.

Submit Your Article Editorial Board
  • 452
    Views
  • 0
    CrossRef citations to date

The Effect Of Work Motivation And Transformative Leadership On Freelancer Innovative Behaviour In The Oil And Gas Mining Industry Mediated By Absorptive Capacity

1 Universitas Airlangga Sekolah Pascasarja,Indonesia

Volume 2

Issue 1

Page: [10 - 24]

Published Online: February 5, 2024

Download Full Article ()
Creative Commons

  • Abstract

    Freelancers, Defined As Non-Employees Or Independent Contractors, Provide Company Comprehensive By Utilizing Freelancers To Be More Flexible, Agile, And Innovative. Employee Innovative Behavior Is An Essential Foundation In Supporting The Company’s Success. In Previous Research, There Has Not Been Much Discussion Of The Competitive Advantage Of A Freelancer From The Perspective Of An Individual Freelancer. Innovation Can Arise From Innovative Work Behavior Using The Absorptive Capacity To Att Knowledge. This Piece Has An Objective To Design And Analyze The Impact Of Work Motivation And Transformative Leadership On Freelancer Employees Innovative Behavior In The Oil And Gas Mining Industry Mediated By Absorptive Capacity.

    Keywords: Work Motivation Transformative Leadership Absorptive Capacity Employee Innovative Behavior Freelancers

  • Figures

    Figure Image

  • References

      • [1]Afshari, L. (2022). Idealized influence and commitment: a granular approach in understanding leadership. Personnel Review, 51(2), 805–822. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03- 2020-0153
      • [2]Aga, D. A., Noorderhaven, N., & Vallejo, B. (2016). Transformational leadership and project success: The mediating role of team-building. International Journal of Project Management, 34(5), 806–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman. 2016.02.012
      • [3]Agustí, M. A., Ramos-Hidalgo, E., & Moreno- Menéndez, A. M. (2022). The role of international knowledge acquisition and absorptive capacity as a predictor of international performance. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 39(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1651
      • [4]Akram, T., Lei, S., & Haider, M. J. (2016). The impact of relational leadership on employee innovative work behavior in the IT industry of China. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 11(2), 153–161. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . aebj.2016.06.001
      • [5]Amabile, T. (1988). Amabile_A_Model_of_CreativityOrg. Beh_v10_pp123-167.pdf. In Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 10, pp. 123–167).
      • [6]Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and Creativity in Organizations: A State-of-the-Science Review, Prospective Commentary, and Guiding Framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1297–1333. https://doi. org/10.1177/0149206314527128
      • [7]Ávila, M. M. (2022). Competitive Advantage and Knowledge Absorptive Capacity: the Mediating Role of Innovative Capability. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13(1), 185–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132- 020-00708-3
      • [8]Ayers, A., Miller, K., Park, J., Schwartz, L., & Antcliff, R. (2016). The Hollywood model: Leveraging the capabilities of freelance talent to advance innovation and reduce risk. Research Technology Management, 59(5), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308. 2016.1208041
      • [9]Bernard M. Bass, R. B. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership_ Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications (Fourth Edi). A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
      • [10]Berton, F., Devicienti, F., & Pacelli, L. (2011). Are temporary jobs a port of entry into permanent employment?: Evidence from matched employer-employee. International Journal of Manpower, 32(8), 879–899. https://doi. org/10.1108/01437721111181651
      • [11]Bhatnagar, J. (2012). Management of innovation: role of psychological empowerment, work engagement, and turnover intention in the Indian context. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(5), 928–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192. 2012.651313
      • [12]Bourini, I. (2021). THE EFFECT of SUPPORTIVE LEADER on EMPLOYEES’ ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY towards INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOUR. International Journal of Innovation Management, 25(1). h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 1 4 2 / S1363919621500080
      • [13]Burke, A., & Cowling, M. (2015). The Use and Value of Freelancers: The Perspective of Managers. In The Handbook of Research on Freelancing and Self-Employment.
      • [14]Burke, A., & Cowling, M. (2020). The relationship between freelance workforce intensity, business performance, and job creation. Small Business Economics, 55(2), 399–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187- 019-00241-x
      • [15]Cadwallader, S., Jarvis, C. B., Bitner, M. J., & Ostrom, A. L. (2010). Frontline employee motivation to participate in service innovation implementation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(2), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747- 009-0151-3
      • [16]Caughron, R. L., & Fargher, J. (2004). Independent Contractor and Employee Status: What Every Employer in Sport and Recreation Should Know. In Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport (Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 47–61). https://doi.org/10.1123/jlas.14.1.47
      • [17]Chang, K. C., Hsu, Y. T., Cheng, Y. S., & Kuo, N. Te. (2021). How work engagement influences relationship quality: the roles of work motivation and perceived service guarantee strength. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 32(11–12), 1316–1340. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363. 2019.1700107
      • [18]Chen, W. J. (2011). Innovation in hotel services: Culture and personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 64–72. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . ijhm.2010.07.006
      • [19]Chou, C. J., Chen, K. S., & Wang, Y. Y. (2012). Green practices in the restaurant industry from an innovation adoption perspective: Evidence from Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 703–711. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . ijhm.2011.09.006
      • [20]Coelho, F., & Augusto, M. (2010). Job characteristics and the creativity of frontline service employees. Journal of Service Research, 13(4), 426–438. https://doi. org/10.1177/1094670510369379
      • [21]Cohen, Wesley, Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Strategic Learning in a Knowledge Economy, 35(1), 57–86. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780080517889-9
      • [22]De Jong, J., & Den Hartog, D. (2010). Measuring innovative work behavior. Creativity and Innovation Management, 19(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 8691.2010.00547.x
      • [21]de Jong, J. P. J., & Kemp, R. (2003). Determinants of Co-Workers’ Innovative Behaviour: An Investigation into Knowledge Intensive Services. International Journal of Innovation Management, 07(02), 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1142/ s1363919603000787
      • [22]Deegahawature, M. (2014). anagers’ inclination towards open innovation: Effect of job characteristics. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 8–16. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index. php/EJBM/article/view/10202
      • [23]Dong, J. Q., & Yang, C. (2014). Ac ce p te cr t. Information & Management. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . im.2014.10.010Dong, Y., Bartol, K. M., Zhang, Z. X., & Li, C. (2017). Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: Influences of dual-focused transformational leadership. In Journal of Organizational Behavior (Vol. 38, Issue 3, pp. 439–458). https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2134
      • [25]Ferreras Méndez, J. L., Sanz Valle, R., & Alegre, J. (2018). Transformational leadership and absorptive capacity: an analysis of the organizational catalysts for this relationship. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 30(2), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325. 2017.1299859
      • [26]Fiedler, F. (2015). organization Behvouir 1. In Organizational Behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 31816-5_2227-1
      • [27]Flatten, T., Adams, D., & Brettel, M. (2015). Fostering absorptive capacity through leadership: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of World Business, 50(3), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jwb.2014.08.010
      • [28]Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and.pdf. Journal of Marketing Research, XVIII(February), 39–50.
      • [29]Frémeaux, S., & Pavageau, B. (2022). Meaningful Leadership: How Can Leaders Contribute to Meaningful Work? Journal of Management Inquiry, 31(1), 54– 66. https://doi. org/10.1177/1056492619897126
      • [30]Gallouj, F., & Savona, M. (2009). Innovation in services: A review of the debate and a research agenda. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 19(2), 149–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191- 008-0126-4
      • [31]González, M., & León, C. J. (2001). The adoption of environmental innovations in the hotel industry of Gran Canaria. Tourism Economics, 7(2), 177–190. https://doi. org/10.5367/000000001101297801
      • [32]Grünfeld, L. A. (2003). Meet me halfway, but don’t rush: Absorptive capacity and strategic R&D investment revisited. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21(8), 1091–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167- 7187(03)00076-6
      • [33]Hackman, J. R. (1980). Work redesign and motivation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 11(3), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735- 7028.11.3.445
      • [34]Hertog, P. Den. (2000). Kmowlwdgw, intensive business services as co-producers of innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 4(4), 491–528.
      • [35]Hoarau, H., & Kline, C. (2014). Science and industry: Sharing knowledge for innovation. Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 44–61. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . a n - nals.2014.01.005
      • [36]Hon, A. H. Y., & Leung, A. S. M. (2011). Employee creativity and motivation in the Chinese context: The moderating role of organizational culture. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(2), 125–134. https://doi. org/10.1177/1938965511403921
      • [37]Id, H. A. L. (2015). Innovation in services and the attendant old and new To cite this version : HAL Id : halshs-01133746.
      • [38]Janssen, O. (1998). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction is prohibited without. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 130(2), 556. h t t p : / / d x . d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . jaci.2012.05.050
      • [39]Jensen, U. T., Andersen, L. B., Bro, L. L., Bøllingtoft, A., Eriksen, T. L. M., Holten, A. L., Jacobsen, C. B., Ladenburg, J., Nielsen, P. A., Salomonsen, H. H., Westergård-Nielsen, N., & Würtz, A. (2019). Conceptualizing and Measuring Transformational and Transactional Leadership. Administration and Society, 51(1), 3–33. https://doi. org/10.1177/0095399716667157
      • [40]Jong, J. P. J. De, & Hartog, D. N. Den. (2007). How leaders influence employees ’ innovative behavior. 10(1), 41–64. https://doi. org/10.1108/14601060710720546
      • [41]Kamal, E. M., & Flanagan, R. (2014). Model of Absorptive Capacity and Implementation of New Technology for Rural Construction SMEs. Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building - Conference Series, 2(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.5130/ajceb-cs. v2i2.3885
      • [42]Kasımoğlu, M., & Ammari, D. (2020). Transformational leadership and employee creativity across cultures. Journal of Management Development, 39(4), 475–498. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-05- 2019-0153
      • [42]Khalid, F. A., Chan, W. M., & Jalil, A. A. (2019). An autoethnographic report on freelance employment in the Malaysian oil and gas industry during uncertain economic conditions. Qualitative Report, 24(10), 2592–2607. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160- 3715/2019.3949
      • [43]Kim, L. (1995). Absorptive Capacity and Industrial Growth: A Conceptual Framework and Korea’s Experience. Social Capability and Long-Term Economic Growth, 266–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349- 13512-7_13
      • [44]Kozica, A., Bonss, U., & Kaiser, S. (2014). Freelancers and the absorption of external knowledge: practical implications and theoretical contributions. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 12(4), 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1057/ kmrp.2013.2
      • [45]Krishnamoorthy, R. A. L., Baharudin, A. S., & Karkonasasi, K. (2016). Intention to adaption and influence of using online freelance portals among Malaysians. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 11(19), 10020–10026.
      • [46]Kwon, K., & Kim, T. (2020). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2), 100704. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . hrmr.2019.100704
      • [47]Leighton, P., & Brown, D. (2002). Future working. Printing World, 279(13), 27.
      • [48]Lewin, A. Y., Massini, S., & Peeters, C. (2011). Microfoundations of internal and external absorptive capacity routines. Organization Science, 22(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1287/ orsc.1100.0525
      • [49]Li, M., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2016). A review of employee innovative behavior in services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(12), 2820–2841. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJCHM-04-2015-0214
      • [50]Liu, Y., & Phillips, J. S. (2011). Examining the antecedents of knowledge sharing in facilitating team innovativeness from a multilevel perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 31(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt. 2010.05.002
      • [51]López-Fernández, M. C., Serrano-Bedia, A. M., & Gómez-López, R. (2011). Factors encouraging innovation in Spanish hospitality firms. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 52(2), 144–152. https://doi. org/10.1177/1938965510393723
      • [52]Luoh, H. F., Tsaur, S. H., & Tang, Y. Y. (2014). Empowering employees: Job standardization and innovative behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(7), 1100–1117. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJCHM-03-2013-0153
      • [53]Mariotti, S., Mosconi, R., & Piscitello, L. (2019). Location and survival of MNEs’ subsidiaries: Agglomeration and heterogeneity of firms. Strategic Management Journal, 40(13), 2242–2270. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3081
      • [54]Miao, C. F., Evans, K. R., & Shaoming, Z. (2007). The role of salesperson motivation in sales control systems - Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation revisited. Journal of Business Research, 60(5), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres. 2006.12.005
      • [55]Nagarajan, R., Patrick, C. F., Tracey, S., & Ron, S. (2005). Determinants Of Innovative Work Behaviour: Development And Test Of An Integrated Model. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(2), 142–150. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?- d i d = 8 7 8 0 7 6 7 6 1 % 7 B & % 7 D - Fmt=7%7B&%7DclientId=1917 %7B&%7DRQT=309%7B&%7DVName= PQD
      • [56]Ngo, X. T., Le, H. A., & Doan, T. K. (2022). The impact of transformational leadership style and employee creativity on organizational innovation in universities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 10(1), 36–53. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 8 4 8 8 / 7 3 . v10i1.2234
      • [57]Northouse, P. G. (2019). Leadership: Theory and Practice. SAGE publication (Eighth Edi). SAGE publication.
      • [58]Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/256657
      • [59]Orfila-Sintes, F., Crespí-Cladera, R., & Martínez- Ros, E. (2005). Innovation activity in the hotel industry: Evidence from the Balearic Islands. Tourism Management, 26(6), 851–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman. 2004.05.005
      • [60]Ottenbacher, M., & Harrington, R. J. (2007). The innovation development process of Michelin-starred chefs. In International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (Vol. 19, Issue 6, pp. 444–460). https://doi. org/10.1108/09596110710775110
      • [61]Paton, R. A., & McLaughlin, S. (2008). Services innovation: Knowledge transfer and the supply chain. European Management Journal, 26(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. emj.2008.01.004
      • [62]Qian, H., & Acs, Z. J. (2013). An absorptive capacity theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship. 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187- 011-9368-x
      • [63]Rocha, F. (1999). Inter-firm technological cooperation: Effects of absorptive capacity, firm-size, and specialization. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 8(3), 253–271. https://doi. org/10.1080/10438599900000011
      • [64]Rodgers, S. (2007). Innovation in food service technology and its strategic role. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(4), 899–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijhm.2006.10.001
      • [65]Rothwell, J William, Stavros, M Jacqueline, Sullivan, L. R. (2016). Practicing Organization Development (Leading Transformation and Change) (Fourth Edi).
      • [66]Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ ceps.1999.1020
      • [67]Saether, E. A. (2019). Motivational antecedents to high-tech R&D employees’ innovative work behavior: Self-determined motivation, person-organization fit, organization support of creativity, and pay justice. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 30(2), 100350. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . h i - tech.2019.100350
      • [68]Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
      • [69]Schroeder, R. G., Ven, V. de, , A. H., Scudder, G. D., & Polley, D. (1989). The development of innovative ideas. Research on the Management OfInnovati.
      • [70]Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of Innovative Behavior : A Path Model of Individual Innovation in the Workplace Author ( s ): Susanne G . Scott and Reginald A . Bruce Published by : Academy of Management Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/256701 REFERENCES Linked refe. The Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580–607.
      • [71]Shafi, M., Zoya, Lei, Z., Song, X., & Sarker, M. N. I. (2020). The effects of transformational leadership on employee creativity: The moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Asia Pacific Management Review, 25(3), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv. 2019.12.002
      • [72]Shalley, C., Gilson, L., & Blum, T. (2009). Interactive effects of growth need strength, work context, and job complexity on self-reported creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 489–505. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 5 4 6 5 / AMJ.2009.41330806
      • [73]Shevchuk, A., & Strebkov, D. (2015). The rise of freelance contracting on the Russian- language Internet. Small Enterprise Research, 22(2–3), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906. 2015.1052341
      • [74]Slåtten, T., Svensson, G., & Sværi, S. (2011). Empowering leadership and the influence of a humorous work climate on service employees’ creativity and innovative behavior in frontline service jobs. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 3(3), 267–284. https://doi. org/10.1108/17566691111182834
      • [75]Spiro, R. L., & Weitz, B. A. (2010). Conceptualization, adaptive selling: Measurement, nomological validity. Journal of Marketing Research, 27(1), 61–69.
      • [76]Stierand, M. B., & Dörfler, V. (2012). Reflecting on a phenomenological study of creativity and innovation in haute cuisine. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(6), 946–957. https://doi. org/10.1108/09596111211247254
      • [77]Sujan, H., Weitz, B. A., & Kumar, N. (1994). Learning Orientation, Working Smart, and Effective Selling. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252309
      • [78]Sun, P. Y. T., & Anderson, M. H. (2012). Civic capacity: Building on transformational leadership to explain successful integrative public leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 309–323. h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . l e aqua. 2011.05.018
      • [79]Udin, U. (2022). Knowledge Sharing and Innovative Work Behavior: Testing the Role of Entrepreneurial Passion in Distribution Channel. Udin UDIN / Journal of Distribution Science, 20(2), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.15722/ jds.20.02.202202.79
      • [80]Van Wart, M., Roman, A., Wang, X. H., & Liu, C. (2019). Operationalizing the definition of e-leadership: identifying the elements of e-leadership. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 85(1), 80–97. https://doi. org/10.1177/0020852316681446
      • [81]Vı´ctor J. Garcı´a-Morales, F. J. L. ns-M. and A. J. V.-J. (2008). The Effects of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Performance through Knowledge and Innovation. British Journal of Management, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 8551.2007.00547.x
      • [81]Wang, Z., Gao, M., & Panaccio, A. (2021). A Self-Determination Approach to Understanding Individual Values as an Interaction Condition on Employees’ Innovative Work Behavior in the High-Tech Industry. Journal of Creative Behavior, 55(1), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.444
      • [82]Weitz, B. A., Sujan, H., & Sujan, M. (1986). Knowledge, Motivation, and Adaptive Behavior: A Framework for Improving Selling Effectiveness. Journal of Marketing, 50(4), 174. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251294
      • [83]Yildiz, H. E., Murtic, A., Zander, U., & Richtnér, A. (2019). What Fosters Individual-Level Absorptive Capacity in MNCs? An Extended Motivation–Ability–Opportunity Framework. In Management International Review (Vol. 59, Issue 1). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575- 018-0367-x
      • [84]Yuan, F., & Woodman, R. W. (2010). Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and image outcome expectations. Academy of Management Journal, 53(2), 323–342. https://doi.org/10.5465/ amj.2010.49388995
      • [85]Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Absorptive Capacity : A Review Reconceptualization and Extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185–203
      • [86]Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., & Holbek, J. (1973). No Title. New York; Toronto: Wiley.

  • Article Metrics

    Views

    452

  • Copyright and Permissions

    At Guinness Press, authors retain the copyright for all articles published in our journals. These articles are licensed under the open-access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, granting free access for reading and download. Additionally, the original published version must be appropriately cited when reusing or quoting the article. These terms ensure widespread accessibility while ensuring proper attribution to the authors.

    All content published by Guinness Press is safeguarded by international copyright and intellectual property regulations. We kindly request that you honor these protections when utilizing our materials.

    For further information, please contact us at info@guinnesspress.org.