International Journal of Empirical Research Methods

ISSN NO : 2995-6110

The International Journal of Empirical Research Methods is dedicated to promoting and advancing empirical research methodologies across various disciplines. This journal aims to provide a platform for researchers, scholars, educators, and practitioners to share insights, methodologies, and findings that contribute to the improvement of empirical research practices and the enhancement of evidence-based decision-making.

Submit Your Article Editorial Board
  • 452
    Views
  • 0
    CrossRef citations to date

Comparison Of Contraceptive

1 ivision Of Reproductive Endocrinology And Infertility, Department Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara,Indonesia

Volume 1

Issue 1

Page: [1 - 7]

Published Online: November 10, 2023

Download Full Article ()
Creative Commons

  • Abstract

    Monthly Contraceptive Injection, Which Consists Of MPA (Medroxyprogesterone Acetate) Mixture With A Low-Dose Estrogen Preparate (25 Mg MPA And 5 Mg Estradiol Cipionate) Is Commonly Used In Indonesia. It Is Less Practical, Because The Subjects Must Visit Health Services Every Month. To Reduce The Imprac- Ticality, It Has Been Developed A Bi-Monthly Contraceptive Injection Of 65 Mg MPA And 7.5mg Estradi- Ol Cypionate And A Trimonthly Contraceptive Injection Of 120 Mg MPA And 10 Mg Estradiol Cypionate. Method: This Is A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Open-Label Conducted From March 2013 To May 2017 With A Total Sample Of 1080. The Study Subjects Consist Of 3 Groups. The First Group Was Treated With Bi-Monthly Injections (Injection A), The Second Group Was Treated With Trimonth- Ly Injections (Injection B) And The Third Group Was Treated With Monthly Injections (Injection C). The Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate And Body Weight Were Measured Since Initial Treatment And During Each Visit For 1 Year Of Treatment. This Clinical Trial Has Been Registered In The National Agency Of Drug And Food Control Of The Republic Of Indonesia With Clinical Trial Number: PN.01.02.1.31.10.12.6669 Result: No Significant Differences Of Blood Pressure Between Each Group And During 1 Year Of In- Jection In Each Group. We Found Significant Differences Of Weight Gain In Each Group During 1 Year Of Injection (P<0.01), But We Did Not Find Significant Difference Of Weight Gain Be- Tween Each Group. Injection B Shows The Lowest Percentage Of Dropout Cases (1,21%). Conclusion: It Can Be Concluded That Bi-Monthly Injections And Trimonth- Ly Injections Are More Effective Than Monthly Injections For 12 Months Of Use. They Are Safe To Use, Convenient In Reducing Doctor Visits And Have A High Acceptability.

    Keywords: Contraceptive Agents Hemodynamics Progesterone Estradiol

  • Figures

    Figure Image

  • References

      • [1] Adam, M., & Hussain, N. (2017). Impact of celebrity endorsement on consumers buying behavior. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(3), 79–121
      • [2] Ahmad, I. (2018). The Influencer Marketing Revolution [Infographic]. Social Media Today. https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/t he-influencer-marketing-revolution- infographic/517146/
      • [3] Ajzen, I. (1989). Attitude structure and behavior. Attitude structure and function. Edt. Pratkanis AR
      • [4] Ajzen, I., & Cote, N. G. (2008). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior. Attitudes and Attitude Change, 13
      • [5] Akar, E., & Topçu, B. (2011). An examination of the factors influencing consumers’ attitudes toward social media marketing. Journal of Internet Commerce, 10(1), 35–67
      • [6] Akbar, W., Hassan, S., Khurshid, S., Niaz, M., & Rizwan, M. (2014). Antecedents Affecting Customer’s Purchase Intentions towards Green Products. Journal of Sociological Research, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v5i1.6566
      • [7] Al-Dhuhli, I., & Ismael, S. (2013). The Impact of social media on consumer buying behaviour. Unpublished Master’s Project, Sultan Qaboos University
      • [8] Arcury, T. (1990). Environmental Attitude and Environmental Knowledge. Human Organization, 49(4), 300–304. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.49.4.y6135 676n433r880
      • [9] Arnould, E. J., & Thompson, C. J. (2005). Consumer Culture Theory (CCT): Twenty Years of Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 868–882. https://doi.org/10.1086/426626
      • [10] Asha, P., & Rathiha, R. (n.d.). CONSUMER AWARENESS TOWARDS GREEN PRODUCTS
      • [11] Awuni, J. A., Du, J., & Yiranbon, E. (2016). Factors influencing green purchasing behaviors: Some insights from Tamale, Ghana. British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 14(4), 1–12
      • [12] Berger, J., & Keller, F. (2016). Research shows Micro-Influencers have more impact than average consumers. Research Shows Micro Influencers Have More Impact than Average Consumers, 1–3
      • [13] Brown, D., & Hayes, N. (2008). Influencer marketing: Who really influences your customers? Elsevier/Butterworth- Heinemann
      • [14] Chan, R. Y. K., & Lau, L. B. Y. (2002). Explaining Green Purchasing Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Study on American and Chinese Consumers. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 14(2–3), 9–40. https://doi.org/10.1300/J046v14n02_02
      • [15] Chen, K., & Deng, T. (2016). Research on the Green Purchase Intentions from the Perspective of Product Knowledge. Sustainability, 8(9), 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090943
      • [16] Cherian, J., & Jacob, J. (2012). Green Marketing: A Study of Consumers’ Attitude towards Environment Friendly Products. Asian Social Science, 8(12), p117. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n12p117
      • [17] Chu, K. M. (2018). Mediating influences of attitude on internal and external factors influencing consumers’ intention to purchase organic foods in China. Sustainability, 10(12), 4690
      • [18] Chuang, S.-P., & Huang, S.-J. (2018). The Effect of Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility on Environmental Performance and Business Competitiveness: The Mediation of Green Information Technology Capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 150(4), 991–1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551- 016-3167-x
      • [19] Chukwu, B. A., & Enudu, T. O. (n.d.). CONSUMERS’ PURCHASING BEHAVIOR IN
      • [20] Debora Indriani, I. A., Rahayu, M., & Hadiwidjojo, D. (2019). The Influence of Environmental Knowledge on Green Purchase Intention the Role of Attitude as Mediating Variable. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(2), 627. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i2.706
      • [21] Djafarova, E., & Rushworth, C. (2017). Exploring the credibility of online celebrities’ Instagram profiles in influencing the purchase decisions of young female users. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.009
      • [22] Doszhanov, A., & Ahmad, Z. A. (2015). Customers’ Intention to Use Green Products: The Impact of Green Brand Dimensions and Green Perceived Value. SHS Web of Conferences, 18, 01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/201518010 08
      • [23] Dunlap, R. E., & Van Liere, K. D. (1978). The “New Environmental Paradigm.” The Journal of Environmental Education, 9(4), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1978.10 801875
      • [24] Dunlap, R., & Jones, R. (2002). Environmental Concern: Conceptual and Measurement Issues. 484–524
      • [25] Fromm, J. (2018). How Much Financial Influence Does Gen Z Have? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jefffromm/20 18/01/10/what-you-need-to-know-about- the-financial-impact-of-gen-z-influence/
      • [26] Fryxell, G. E., & Lo, C. W. H. (2003). The Influence of Environmental Knowledge and Values on Managerial Behaviours on Behalf of the Environment: An Empirical Examination of Managers in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(1), 45–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024773012398
      • [27] Ghazali, E. M., Mutum, D. S., & Ariswibowo, N. (2018). Impact of religious values and habit on an extended green purchase behaviour model. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(6), 639– 654. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12472
      • [28] Granzin, K. L., & Olsen, J. E. (1991). Characterizing Participants in Activities Protecting the Environment: A Focus on Donating, Recycling, and Conservation Behaviors. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 10(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/074391569101000 201
      • [29] Gremm, J., Barth, J., Fietkiewicz, K. J., & Stock, W. G. (2017). Transitioning Towards a Knowledge Society: Qatar as a Case Study. Springer
      • [30] Hair, J. F. (Ed.). (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed). Prentice Hall
      • [31] Hasnah Hassan, S. (2014). The role of Islamic values on green purchase intention. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 5(3), 379–395. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2013- 0080
      • [32] Hassan, A. S., & Witchayangkoon, B. (2019). Articles in ITJEMAST 10 (17) 2019. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied ....
      • [33] Hoffower, H. (2020). Gen Z is set to take over the economy in a decade, despite potentially losing $10 trillion in earnings because of the pandemic. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/gen-z- will-take-over-economy-2030-33-trillion- income-2020-11
      • [34] Jalali, S. S., & Khalid, H. B. (2021). The Influence of Instagram Influencers’ Activity on Green Consumption Behavior. Business Management and Strategy, 12(1), 78–90
      • [35] Johansen, I. K., & Guldvik, C. S. (2017). Influencer marketing and purchase intentions: How does influencer marketing affect purchase intentions? [Master’s Thesis]
      • [36] Kaiser, F. G., Wölfing, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDE AND ECOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0107
      • [37] Kale, E. (n.d.). Influencer Marketing in Circular Economy
      • [38] Kaufmann, H. R., Panni, M. F. A. K., & Orphanidou, Y. (2012). Factors Affecting Consumers’ Green Purchasing Behavior: An Integrated Conceptual Framework. Amfiteatru Economic, 31
      • [39] Kong, W., Harun, A., Sulong, R. S., & Lily, J. (2014). The Influence of Consumers Perception of Green Products on Green Purchase Intention. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(8), Article 8
      • [40] Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management (14th [ed.]). Prentice Hall
      • [41] Liu, M. T., Liu, Y., & Mo, Z. (2020). Moral norm is the key: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) on Chinese consumers’ green purchase intention. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(8), 1823–1841. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2019- 0285
      • [42] Milfont, T. L. (2012). The Psychology of Environmental Attitudes: Conceptual and Empirical Insights from New Zealand. Ecopsychology, 4(4), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2012.0058
      • [43] Nduneseokwu, C. K., Qu, Y., & Appolloni, A. (2017). Factors Influencing Consumers’ Intentions to Participate in a Formal E-Waste Collection System: A Case Study of Onitsha, Nigeria. Sustainability, 9(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060881
      • [44] Nov, O., Naaman, M., & Ye, C. (2008). What drives content tagging: The case of photos on Flickr. Proceeding of the Twenty- Sixth Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’08, 1097. https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357225
      • [45] Paul, J., Modi, A., & Patel, J. (2016). Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.1 1.006
      • [46] Polonsky, M. J. (1994). An Introduction To Green Marketing. Electronic Green Journal, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.5070/G31210177
      • [47] Pride, W. M., & Ferrell, O. C. (1993). Marketing: Study Guide, 1993. Houghton Mifflin School
      • [48] Quansah, F., Okoe, A., & Angenu, B. (2015). Factors Affecting Ghanaian Consumers’ Purchasing Decision of Bottled Water. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 7(5), p76. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v7n5p76
      • [49] Ramsey, C. E., & Rickson, R. E. (1976). Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes. The Journal of Environmental Education, 8(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1976.99 41552
      • [50] Rusyani, E., Lavuri, R., & Gunardi, A. (2021). Purchasing Eco-Sustainable Products: Interrelationship between Environmental Knowledge, Environmental Concern, Green Attitude, and Perceived Behavior. Sustainability, 13(9), 4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094601
      • [51] Salimi, A. R. (2019). EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND GREEN KNOWLEDGE ON GREEN PRODUCT CONSUMPTIONS WITH AN EMPHASIS ON MEDIATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL, PERCEIVED VALUE, ATTITUDE AND SUBJECTIVE NORM. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, 651661. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.6 1
      • [52] Schahn, J., & Holzer, E. (1990). Studies of Individual Environmental Concern: The Role of Knowledge, Gender, and Background Variables. Environment and Behavior, 22(6), 767–786. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391659022600 3
      • [53] Sousa, S., Correia, E., Viseu, C., & Larguinho, M. (2022). Analysing the Influence of Companies’ Green Communication in College Students’ Green Purchase Behaviour: An Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour Model. Administrative Sciences, 12(3), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030080
      • [54] Sreen, N., Purbey, S., & Sadarangani, P. (2018a). Impact of culture, behavior and gender on green purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.1 2.002
      • [55] Sreen, N., Purbey, S., & Sadarangani, P. (2018b). Impact of culture, behavior and gender on green purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.1 2.002
      • [56] Sundar, S. S. (2008). The MAIN model: A heuristic approach to understanding technology effects on credibility. MacArthur Foundation Digital Media and Learning Initiative Cambridge, MA
      • [57] Takala, M. (1991). Environmental Awareness and Human Activity. International Journal of Psychology, 26(5), 585–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/002075991082471 46
      • [58] Trivedi, R. H., Patel, J. D., & Acharya, N. (2018). Causality analysis of media influence on environmental attitude, intention and behaviors leading to green purchasing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.0 24
      • [59] Vazifehdoust, H., Taleghani, M., Esmaeilpour, F., & Nazari, K. (2013). Purchasing green to become greener: Factors influence consumers’ green purchasing behavior. Management Science Letters, 3(9), 2489–2500
      • [60] Wang, B., Li, J., Sun, A., Wang, Y., & Wu, D. (2019). Residents’ Green Purchasing Intentions in a Developing-Country Context: Integrating PLS-SEM and MGA Methods. Sustainability, 12(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010030
      • [61] Wang, S.-T. (2014). Consumer characteristics and social influence factors on green purchasing intentions. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 32(7), 738–753. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2012-0146
      • [62] Weigel, R. H. (1983). Environmental attitudes and the prediction of behavior. Environmental Psychology: Directions and Perspectives, 257–287
      • [63] What is Influencer Marketing? | Read The Ultimate Guide. (2015, June 2). TapInfluence. https://www.tapinfluence.com/blog-what- is-influencer-marketing/

  • Article Metrics

    Views

    452

  • Copyright and Permissions

    At Guinness Press, authors retain the copyright for all articles published in our journals. These articles are licensed under the open-access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, granting free access for reading and download. Additionally, the original published version must be appropriately cited when reusing or quoting the article. These terms ensure widespread accessibility while ensuring proper attribution to the authors.

    All content published by Guinness Press is safeguarded by international copyright and intellectual property regulations. We kindly request that you honor these protections when utilizing our materials.

    For further information, please contact us at info@guinnesspress.org.